Learn what a sentence contradiction hallucination is, why it happens, and how to identify it in the outputs of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT.
Table of Contents
Question
Which of the following best illustrates a sentence contradiction hallucination?
A. Output: ‘London is a city in England. Cats need to be fed at least once a day.’
B. Output: ‘The grass was green. The mountains were blue. The river was purple. The grass was brown.’
C. Output: ‘Happy anniversary, mom and dad!’
D. Output: ‘New York, Los Angeles, Toronto.’
Answer
B. Output: ‘The grass was green. The mountains were blue. The river was purple. The grass was brown.’
Explanation
The sentence “The grass was brown” contradicts the sentence “The grass was green”.
The best answer to the question is option B. Output: ‘The grass was green. The mountains were blue. The river was purple. The grass was brown.’
A sentence contradiction hallucination is when a large language model (LLM) generates two sentences that are logically incompatible or inconsistent within the same context. This type of hallucination can occur due to various reasons, such as source-reference divergence, exploitation through jailbreak prompts, reliance on incomplete or contradictory datasets, overfitting and lack of novelty, or guesswork from vague or insufficiently detailed prompts.
Option B illustrates a sentence contradiction hallucination because the LLM generates two sentences that contradict each other about the color of the grass. The first sentence states that the grass was green, while the second sentence states that the grass was brown. This is a logical inconsistency that can confuse or mislead the reader.
Option A does not illustrate a sentence contradiction hallucination because the LLM generates two sentences that are not related to each other and do not conflict with each other. The first sentence states a fact about London, while the second sentence states a general advice about cats. There is no logical contradiction between these two sentences.
Option C does not illustrate a sentence contradiction hallucination because the LLM generates a single sentence that is coherent and meaningful. The sentence expresses a congratulatory message to the user’s parents on their anniversary. There is no logical contradiction within this sentence.
Option D does not illustrate a sentence contradiction hallucination because the LLM generates a list of three cities. The list is syntactically correct and does not contain any contradictory information. There is no logical contradiction within this list.
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