Generative AI Certificate Q&A: Which generative AI system might work best to check for anomalies?

Question

You manage a radiology department in a large hospital. Your hospital has millions of computed tomography (CT) images. You want to create a system where once someone gets a CT scan, the system will immediately check for anomalies. That way it can be sent for review by a senior radiologist.

Which generative AI system might work best for this approach?

A. a variational autoencoder (VAEs)
B. a flexible learning encoding X-ray (FLEX)
C. a generative autoencoding network (GAN)
D. an adversarial autoencoder (AAA)

Answer

C. a generative autoencoding network (GAN)

Explanation

The best answer for your question is C. a generative adversarial network (GAN).

A GAN is a type of generative AI system that consists of two neural networks: a generator and a discriminator. The generator tries to create realistic synthetic data that can fool the discriminator, while the discriminator tries to distinguish between real and fake data. By training the GAN on a large dataset of CT images, the generator can learn to produce realistic images of normal anatomy, while the discriminator can learn to detect anomalies that deviate from the normal distribution.

A GAN can be used for anomaly detection in CT images by comparing the input image with the output image of the generator. If the input image contains an anomaly, such as a tumor or a lesion, the generator will not be able to reproduce it accurately, and the output image will have noticeable differences from the input image.

These differences can be measured by a loss function, such as mean squared error (MSE) or structural similarity index (SSIM), and used to score the input image as anomalous or not. The higher the loss, the more likely the input image contains an anomaly.

A GAN-based approach for anomaly detection has several advantages over other methods, such as:

• It does not require any labels or annotations for the training data, making it an unsupervised learning method.
• It can handle complex and high-dimensional data, such as CT images, and capture their variability and diversity.
• It can generate realistic and interpretable synthetic data that can help visualize and understand the anomalies.
• It can be easily adapted to different domains and tasks by changing the architecture and objective of the GAN.

Some examples of GAN-based anomaly detection methods for CT images are:

• AnoGAN, which uses a deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN) to learn a manifold of normal anatomical variability, and a novel anomaly scoring scheme based on the mapping from image space to a latent space.
• F-AnoGAN, which extends AnoGAN by using a fully convolutional network (FCN) as the generator, and introducing an encoder network that maps the input image to the latent space directly, improving the stability and efficiency of the training process.
• Skip-GANomaly, which uses a U-Net-like generator with skip connections to reconstruct the input image, and a patch-based discriminator to classify each patch of the image as real or fake. The anomaly score is computed by combining the reconstruction loss and the adversarial loss.

The other options in your question are not suitable for anomaly detection in CT images, because:

• A variational autoencoder (VAE) is a generative model that learns a probabilistic latent representation of the data, and uses it to reconstruct the input data. However, a VAE tends to produce blurry images that lack details, and may not capture subtle anomalies in CT images.
• A flexible learning encoding X-ray (FLEX) is not a generative model, but a supervised learning method that uses convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to encode X-ray images into low-dimensional feature vectors, and then uses them for classification or regression tasks. However, this method requires labeled data for training, and may not generalize well to unseen anomalies.
• An adversarial autoencoder (AAA) is not a generative model either, but an extension of VAE that uses an adversarial network to regularize the latent space distribution. However, this method still suffers from the same limitations as VAE in terms of image quality and anomaly detection.

Reference

• [1703.05921] Unsupervised Anomaly Detection with Generative Adversarial Networks to Guide Marker Discovery (arxiv.org)
• Anomaly Detection with OpenAI API: How to Train AI Models for Outlier Detection | by AI & Insights | AI & Insights | Medium
• 1703.05921.pdf (arxiv.org)
• MADGAN: unsupervised medical anomaly detection GAN using multiple adjacent brain MRI slice reconstruction | BMC Bioinformatics | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
• Can Artificial Intelligence Help See Cancer in New Ways? – NCI
• Frontiers | AI-Based Image Processing for COVID-19 Detection in Chest CT Scan Images (frontiersin.org)

The latest Generative AI Skills Initiative certificate program actual real practice exam question and answer (Q&A) dumps are available free, helpful to pass the Generative AI Skills Initiative certificate exam and earn Generative AI Skills Initiative certification.